6. Life Processes

1. Source of energy outside the body of an organism is called food.

2. The process which is source of energy inside the body is called nutrition.

3. Life on earth depends on carbon based molecules.

4. Oxidation-Reduction reactions are some of the most common chemical means to breakdown molecules.

5. The process of breakdown of food sources with the help of oxygen(Sourced from outside the body)is called Respiration.

6. Carbon and energy requirements of autotrophic organisms are fulfilled by photosynthesis.

7. Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from outside and convert them into stored forms of energy.

8. Some of the energy derived from the food in our body is stored in the form of Glycogen.

9. The chemical formula for glucose produced during photosynthesis is C6H12O6.

10. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.

11. During photosynthesis light energy is converted to chemical energy. 

12. During photosynthesis Water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen.

13. During photosynthesis, Co2 is reduced to carbohydrates.

14. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll.

15. The green dots present in some cells are called chloroplasts.

16.  Tiny pores present on the surface of leaves are stomata.

17. The opening and closing of pores is the function of guard cells.

18. Nitrogen is an essential element used in synthesis of proteins and other compounds.

19. Organisms that derive nutrition from plants or animals without killing them are called parasites.

20.  Amoeba takes food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface.

21. In Amoeba complex substances break down into simpler ones inside the food vacuole.

22. Amoeba and paramoecium examples of unicellular organisms.

23. In paramoecium, food is moved to the definite spot on its cell by the movement of Cilia.

24. The alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to anus.

25. The fluid secreted by salivary glands is saliva.

26. The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase.

27. Salivary amylase breaks down starch(complex molecule) to simple sugar.

28. The rhythmic movements of canal muscles to push the food forward are called peristaltic movements.

29. The peristaltic movements occur along the gut.

30. From the mouth, the food is taken to the stomach through the food pipe or oesophagus.

31. The muscular walls of the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with digestive juices.

32. The digestion in the stomach is taken care by gastric glands.

33. Gastric gland releases hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus.

34. Pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme.

35. The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of acid under normal conditions.

36. The exit of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by sphincter muscle.

37. The longest part of the alimentary canal is the small intestine.

38. Grass eating herbivores need a longer small intestine to digest cellulose.

39. Meat eating carnivores need a shorter small intestine.

40. The digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats completes in the small intestine.

41. The food coming from the stomach is acidic in nature.

42. The acidic food from the stomach is made alkaline by pancreatic enzymes.

43. Liver secretes bile juice.

44. Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules.

45. Pancreatic juice contains trypsin and lipase.

46. Proteins are digested by trypsin.

47. Lipase is used for breaking down of emulsified fats.

48. The enzymes present in intestinal juice convert proteins to amino acids.

49. The enzymes present in intestinal juice convert complex carbohydrates into glucose.

50. The enzymes present in intestinal juice converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

51. The inner lining of small intestine has fingerlike projections called villi.

52. The purpose of villi is to increase surface area of absorption.

53. The unabsorbed food is sent to the large intestine.

54. The walls of the large intestine absorb more water from undigested food.

55. The undigested food is removed from the body via anus.

56. The exit of waste material is regulated by anal spinchter.

Respiration

57. The process of breakdown of glucose into pyruvate takes place in cytoplasm.

58. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in mitochondria.

59. In yeast, during fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol, Co2 and energy.

60. The fermentation in yeast is anaerobic respiration.

61. The release of energy in aerobic process is greater than anaerobic process.

62. When there is a lack of oxygen in our muscles during sudden activities, lactic acid is formed which causes cramps.

63. ATP is the fuel to all cell activities.

64. Pyruvate in absence of oxygen(in yeast) breaks into ethanol,Co2 and energy. 

65. Pyruvate due to lack of oxygen(in muscles) breaks down into lactic acid and energy.

66. Pyruvate in presence of oxygen(in mitochondria) breaks down into Co2, water and energy.

67. The energy released during cell respiration is immediately used to synthesise ATP.

68. When terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken using water, the energy released is 30.5K J/mol.

69. In plants, Co2 and oxygen are exchanged by diffusion.

70. Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that of terrestrial organisms.

71. In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils.

72. Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure the passage of air into lungs does not collapse.

73. Within lungs the passage divides into smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures called Alveoli.

74. The Alveoli provides a surface where exchange of gases can take place.

75. The respiratory pigment in human beings is haemoglobin.

76. Haemoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen.

77. Respiratory pigment (haemoglobin in human beings) take up oxygen from air in lungs and carries it to tissues which are deficient in oxygen before releasing it.

78. Respiratory pigment (haemoglobin) is present in red blood corpuscles.

79. Co2 is mostly transported in dissolved form in our blood.

80. If the alveolar surface were spread out it would cover 80 square metres.